Reduced relative clauses в английском языке. Русским языком о Relative Clause. Грамматика, примеры и упражнения. Употребление предлогов в non-defining clauses

14.4. B. Определительные придаточные предложения

Придаточные определительные предложения (Relaitve Clauses) выполняют в предложении функцию прилагательного, то есть, являются в предложении определениями.

Такие придаточные предложения соединсяются с главным предложением с помощью местоимений who(m) , whose , what , which , that и наречий where , when и why .

1. Такие предложения могут быть ограничительными и неограничительными.

Ограничительное придаточное предложение нельзя убрать без явного нарушения смысла предложения:

This is the boy who broke the window вот тот мальчик, который разбил окно.
This is the window that he broke вот то окно, которое он разбил.

Неограничительное придаточное предложение дает дополнительные сведения и, если его убрать, предложение останется осмысленным (такие предложения выделяются запятыми):

This boy, who lives in the next street , broke a window in the school yesterday этот мальчик, который живет на соседней улице, разбил вчера окно в школе.
This window, which was broken by a boy yesterday , will have to be repaired придется вставить это окно, которое вчера разбил какой-то мальчик.

● Определительное придаточное предложение всегда стоит после слова, которое оно определяет и, как правило, непосредственно после него.

I put the books in the cupboard which you bought yesterday я положил книгу в шкаф, который я купил вчера (вчера был куплен шкаф, а не книга).

В некоторых случаях, когда смысл очевиден, это правило может нарушаться:

George was the only boy at school that I really liked Джордж был единственный мальчик в школе, который мне действительно нравился.

2. Определительное придаточное предложение может определять одушевленное или неодушевленное существительное:

The boy whose work I showed you is the cleverest boy in the school мальчик, чью работу я вам показывала, самый умный в этой школе.
The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied дом, у которого разбиты окна, пустует.

3. Относительное местоимение, с помощью которого соединяются главное и придаточное предложение может быть в придаточном предложении:

a) подлежащим :
That is the man. He hit me. Это тот человек. Он ударил меня.
That is the man who hit me. Это человек, который меня ударил.

b) дополнением :
That is the man, I saw him Это тот человек. Я видел его.
That is the man whom I saw. Это человек, которого я видел.

c) косвенным дополнением с предлогом :
That is the man. I spoke to him. Это тот человек. Я говорил с ним.
That is the man to whom I spoke. Это человек, с которым я говорил.

d) определением :
That is the man. His car crashed. Это тот человек. Его машина разбилась.
That is the man whose car crashed. Это человек, чья машина разбилась.

Таим образом можно составить следующую таблицу

A1. Ограничительное придаточное предложение, определяется одушевленное существительное :

a)
There is the driver who
There is the driver that overtook us five minutes ago.

b)
Where is the man whom I saw this morning?
Where is the man who I saw this morning?
Where is the man that I saw this morning?
Where is the man I saw this morning?

c)
Is that the man to whom you handed your application form?
Is that the man whom you gave your tickets to ?
Is that the man who you gave your tickets to ?
Is that the man that you gave your tickets to ?
Is that the man you gave your tickets to?

d)
That is the boy whose father is an astronaut.

A2. Ограничительное придаточное предложение, определяется неодушевленное существительное .

a)
There is the car which overtook us five minutes ago.
There is the car that overtook us five minutes ago.

b)
Where is the book which I bought this morning?
Where is the book that I bought this morning?
Where is the book I bought this morning?

c)
Is that the address to which you sent the telegram?
Is that the address which you sent the telegram to ?
Is that the address that you sent the telegram to ?
Is that the address you sent the telegram to?

d)
He mentioned a book whose title I can"t remember now.
He mentioned a book the title of which I can"t remember now.

B1. Неограничительное придаточное предложение, определяется одушевленное существительное .

a)
The driver, who was very young, had only just got his license.

b)
The driver, who(m) I had never seen before, insisted that he knew me.

c)
Sergeant Brown, to whom I showed my licence, was very polite.
Sergeant Brown, who(m) I showed my licence to , was very polite.

d)
The injured pedestrian, whose leg had been broken, was carried away on a stretcher.

B2. Неограничительное придаточное предложение, определяется неодушевленное существительное .

a)
They soon repaired the car, which had not been badly damaged.

b)
The front bumper, which the other car had twisted a little, was soon put straight.

c)
Martin"s garage, to which the car had been taken, was not far away.
Martin"s garage, which the car had been taken to , was not far away.

d)
This book, whose author is a woman of eighty, is very amusing.
This book, of which the author is a woman of eighty, is very amusing.
This book, the author of which is a woman of eighty, is very amusing.

● Whom употребляется, как правило, в литературном стиле. В разговорной речи обычно говорят who. Whom необходимо употреблять после предлогов, но такие обороты также не употребляются в разговорной речи.
Однако в таких выражениях как, например, Who beat whom" необходимо употреблять whom, чтобы избежать повтора.

В разговорном стиле, как правило употребляются конструкции, в которых предлог стоит в конце предложения:

This is the book about which I was telling you (литературно).
This is the book I was telling you about.
Это та книга, о которой я говорил вам.

These photographs at which you"ve been looking were taken by my sister (литературно).
These photographs you"ve been looking at were taken by my sister.
Эти фотографии, на которые вы смотрите, сняты моей сестрой.

Is this the pan in which you make omelets? (литературно).
Is this the pan you make your omelets in.
Вы на этой сковороде жарите яичницу?

● That , а не which употребляется

1. Если придаточное предложение определяет неопределенное местоимение:

All that remains can be divided between you все это можно разделить между вами.
Everything (that) you see here can be divided between you все, что вы видите, можно разделить между вами.

2. Если придаточное предложение определяет прилагательное в превосходной степени или такие слова как first, last и next:

Which was the fastest steamship that crossed the Atlantic? Какой самый быстрый пароход пересек Атлантику?
Which was the first steamship that crossed the Atlantic? Какой пароход первым пересек Атлантику?

● В литературном языке употребляется оборот с предлогом of :

I can lend you several books. Five of them are very good. Я могу одолжить вам несколько книг. Пять из них – очень хорошие.

I can lend you several books, five of which are very good.
I can lend you several books, of which five are very good.
Я могу вам одолжить несколько книг, пять из которых очень хорошие.

I can lend you two books. I can recommend both of them Я могу одолжить вам две книги. Я могу рекомендовать две из них.

I can lend you two, both of which I can recommend.
I can lend you two books, of which I can recommend both.
Я могу вам одолжить две книги, из которых обе могу рекомендовать.

● Местоимение может опускаться после оборотов there is/there are:

There"s somebody at the door (who) wants to see you кто-то у двери хочет видеть вас.
There was a man (who) called to see you this morning кто-то заходил к вам сегодня утром.

Определительные придаточные предложения могут также обозначать место, время и образ действия . В этом случае часто употребляются наречия where, when и why:

При уточнении может употребляться местоимения that и which :

I shall never forget the day (that ) George first came я никогда не забуду день, когда Джордж впервые пришел сюда.

Семестр пролетел, как и не было. Казалось, еще учиться и учиться, а вот уже экзамены сданы! Недаром говорят - Все в мире относительно. Предлагаю очередную тему моей грамматической рубрики: Relative Clauses - Все относительно!

Для начала, хочу напомнить о разнице между Sentence и Clause.
Sentence - все предложение от начала до конца. Может содержать в себе много Clause-ов. Бывает сложно-сочинительное, когда Clause-ы не подчиняются друг другу, и сложноподчинительное, соответственно:)

Существует два типа придаточных определительных:

Defining relative clauses	Non-defining relative clauses
ограничительные	распространительные
Those who have not yet registered should do so at once. — Те, кто еще не зарегистрировался, должны сделать это незамедлительно	Yesterday we visited the City Museum, which I"d never been to before . — Вчера мы ходили в Городской музей, в котором я никогда раньше не был
уточняют значение определяемого слова: только те, кто еще не зарегистрировался	сообщают дополнительную информацию об определяемом слове - музее

. Мы используем which / that, когда говорим о вещах, понятиях:

The office which / that the CEO prefers is in the city centre.
Офис, который предпочитает наш директор, находится в центре.
which / that the CEO prefers говорит о том, какой именно офис

Subject and Object relative Clauses

Относительные местоимения who/which/that могут быть опущены, если они являются объектом Defining relative clause:
The manager (who) we hired
Менеджер, которого мы наняли на прошлой неделе
Наняли кого? - которого:) в смысле менеджера; которого - объект

The manager who applied last week has already resigned.
Менеджер, который обратился к нам
Обратился кто? - который:) в смысле менеджер; который - субъект

Если относительное местоимение является субъектом, оно не опускается.

Non-defining relative clauses

Используются, чтобы дать дополнительную информацию о человеке или предмете:

Mr. Green, who is our best lawyer, is going to leave the company.
Нам известен человек, о котором мы говорим - Мистер Грин.
Тот факт, что он лучший юрист - дополнительная информация.
. Определительное придаточное предложение может относиться не только к отдельному слову, но и ко всему главному предложению целиком. Такое придаточное может вводиться только союзом which. Находится оно всегда после главного предложения:

He never admits his mistakes, which is extremely annoying.
Он никогда не признает своих ошибок, что безумно раздражает

И, как обычно, немного упражнений для отработки полученных знаний:)

Relative clauses (придаточные определительные предложения)

Subject or object

Relative clauses give extra information about a noun in the main clause.

Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun

(who, which, that, whom, whose).

The relative pronoun can refer to the subject of the clause.

-That"s the woman who bought my car.

The woman (subject) bought my car (object).

Or the relative pronoun can refer to the object of the clause.

-This is the car that I used to own.

I (subject) used to own the car (object).

Субъект или объект

Придаточные определительные предложения дают дополнительную информацию о существительном в главном предложении.
Придаточные определительные предложения начинаются с относительного местоимения (кто, что, тот, кого, чья).

Относительное местоимение может относиться к подлежащему в предложении.

Женщина (субъект) купил свою машину (объект).

Или относительное местоимение может относиться к дополнению в предложении.

Я (субъект) владел автомобилем (объект).

Defining

. Defining clauses give important information which tells us exactly what is being referred to.

-The book which you lent me is really good.

This indicates which book we are talking about. Without the relative clause, it might be difficult to understand the meaning.

Определяющие

Определяющие предложения дают важную информацию, которая говорит нам, что именно имеется в виду.
-Книга, которую вы предоставили мне действительно хорошо.

Это указывает на ту книгу,о которой мы говорим. Без определяющего предложения, может быть трудно понять смысл.

Non-defining

. Non-defining clauses add extra information. They are separated by commas in writing, and by a pause on either side (where the commas are) in speaking. We generally use which not that in non-defining clauses.

- This gives extra information about the book.

We could miss out the relative clause and the meaning would still be clear.

Не определяющие

Не определяющие предложения добавляют дополнительную информацию. Они разделены запятой в письменной форме, и паузой с каждой стороны (там, где запятые) в разговоре. Мы вообще используем which а не that в не определяющие предложениях.

- Книга, которую я не читал, по-прежнему лежала на полке.

Это дает дополнительную информацию о книге. Мы могли опустить н е определяющее предложение, но смысл все равно будет понятным.

Omitting the relative pronoun

. In a defining relative clause we can leave out the relative pronoun if it is the object of the clause.

- That"s the car (that) I used to own.

We cannot miss out the relative pronoun if it is the subject of the clause.

- That"s the woman who bought my car.

. In a non-defining relative clause we cannot leave out the relative pronoun.

- The book, which I hadn"t read, was still on the shelf.

Опуская относительное местоимение

В о пределяющем предложении мы можем опустить относительное местоимение, если оно является дополнением в предложении.

Это автомобиль, который у меня был.

Мы не можем опустить относительное местоимение, если оно является подлежащим в предложении.

-Это женщина, которая купила машину.

В н е определяющих предложениях мы не можем опустить относительное местоимение.

- Книга, которую я не читал, по-прежнему лежала на полке.

Which, who and that

. That instead of which

When we talk about things, that is often used instead of which in defining clauses. This is very common in speech.

- Is this the house that you bought?

. That instead of who

When we talk about people, that can be used instead of who in defining clauses.

-Have you met the boy that Sue is going to marry?

. Which in non-defining clauses

That cannot be used to introduce a non-defining clause.

-The hotel, which was a hundred years old, was very comfortable.

. Prepositions

That cannot be used after a preposition.

-This is the car (that / which) I paid £2000 for. (speech)

- This is the car for which I paid £2000. (formal)

Который, кто и что

. That вместо which

Когда мы говорим о вещах, That часто используются вместо which в определяющем предложении. Это очень распространено в речи.

- Это тот дом, который вы купили?

. That вместо who

Когда мы говорим о людях, that может быть использовано вместо who в определяющем предложении.

-Вы встретили молодого человека, за которого Сью выходит замуж?
. Which в не определяющих предложениях
That не может быть использовано для введения не-определяющего предложения.

- Отель, которому было сто лет, был очень удобен.

. Предлоги

That не может быть использовано после предлога.

-Это автомобиль (за который) я заплатил £ 2000.

(в речи)

-Это автомобиль,за которую я заплатил 2000 фунтов стерлингов. (формально)

Whom and whose

. Whom is generally used in writing.

-Smith was one of the men whom Jones had met earlier. (formal)

- Smith was one of the men (that / who) Jones had met earlier . (speech)

Whom has to be used after prepositions.

- This is the person (who) I sold my car to. (speech)

- This is the person to whom I sold my car. (formal)

. Whose means of whom, and usually refers to people.

- This is Jack. His sister is staying with us.

- This is Jack, whose sister is staying with us.

Кому и чьё

Whom , как правило, используется в письменной речи.
- Смит был одним из мужчин, с которым Джонс встречался ранее. (формально)

-Смит был одним из мужчин,(с которым) Джонс встретился ранее. (в речи)

Whom должно быть использовано после предлогов.

Это человек, (которому) я продал свой автомобиль. (в речи)

- Это человек, которому я продал свой автомобиль. (формально)

. Whose означает чьё, и,как правило, относится к людям.

-Это Джек. Его сестра остается с нами.

-Это Джек, чья сестра остается с нами.

Exercise 1: Fill in: who, whose, which or where.

My school, 1) __________ is called King Edward"s, has about 2,000 students. My favourite teacher, 2)__________ is called Mr Brown, teaches sport. The sports centre, 3)____________ I play basketball and tennis, is the largest in the area. I walk to school every day with my friend Mike, 4)____________ father teaches History.

Exercise 2:

Make sentences as in the example. Use relative pronouns or relative adverbs.

Example: A painter is someone who paints pictures.

. builder / someone / build houses . elephant / animal / ears are big

. circus / place / can see acrobats

. tiger / animal / live in jungle

. supermarket / place / do shopping

Exercise 3:

Fill in: who"s or whose.

1 My mother,_________

2 She"s the woman ________________married to an actor.

3 Celine is the girl ______________brother won the prize.

4 Helen is the person______________car is outside our house.

5 Ann"s the one________________ a History teacher.

6 Lucas is the man ______________helping us move house.

7 That"s the woman _____________

8 . ______________concert did you go to?

Exercise 4:

Fill in the correct relative pronoun. What part of sentence is each, subject or object? Write S for subject and О for object, then state if the relatives can be omitted or not in the box provided.

Did you see the man __________ stole her bag?		not. omitted
The dress__________ Mary bought yesterday is too big.
Please give me the keys______	are on the table.
Is that the man______________we saw in the park yesterday?
What"s the name of the lady_____	babysits your little sister?
Klaus is playing with the dog____	lives next door.
Have you eaten all the cakes_____	I made yesterday?
How old is the man___________	owns that shop?
Have you met the man_________	Jackie is going to marry?
Let"s all look at the picture______	is on page 7.
Has Peter returned the money____	he borrowed from you?
What colour is the dress ______	you"re going to wear tonight?

Exercise 5:

Write one word for each space.

Hi Janet,

How are you? I"m doing all right. I just wanted to tell you 1)______________ something exciting 2) ________ happened to me last Saturday. Do you remember Beth, 3) _____________party we went to last winter? Well, I went 4) __________ her and her cousin to a concert at Croke Park 5)___________my favourite band, Nickelback, were playing. Anyway, her cousin Rick knew someone 6) _________ was working backstage and he let us meet the band. He even invited us to a party 7) ______________ the band was going to after the concert. It was amazing! Now about the weekend hiking trip - the reason 8) ______ I can"t come is because my sister has asked me to take care of her children as she"s 9)______________ on a business trip. I "m so sorry. I was really 10) _____ forward to it.

Write and tell me your news,

Shelly

Exercise 6:

Fill in the appropriate relative, say whether the relative clauses are essential or not to the meaning of the main sentence, then add commas where necessary.

Paul Stevens___________ starred in Days went to school with my brother.

The pen __________ I left on that table has disappeared.

The woman _________ repairs our car is very friendly.

David _________ grew up in Canada speaks French fluently.

The man _______car was stolen has gone to the police station.

Rye_________ my grandmother lives is near the sea.

Oleg_________car has broken down is late for work.

The Coliseum_________attracts many tourists is in Rome.

Exercise 7:

Fill in the relative pronoun or adverb. Put commas where necessary. Write D for defining, ND for non-defining and if the relative can be omitted or not in the box provided.

Mr Brown , who_ _	teaches us French, comes from London.	not omitted
The girl___________	I met on the bus looks just like my sister.
Peter Smith_________	had an accident is in hospital.
The apples__________	grow on these trees are delicious.
This lemon pie______	I made yesterday tastes great.
The film__________	I saw on TV last night was very exciting.
My friend Akim_____	is a doctor works very long hours.
John___________	father is a lawyer has moved to Paris.
The sports centre____	we play tennis is expensive.
The vase .__________	Susan gave me got broken.
The summer ______	I went to Spain was really hot.
The car____________	tyres are flat is mine.
The cafe___________	I first met my husband has closed down now.
Simon____________	mother is a vegetarian doesn"t eat meat.
The bakery_________	is by my house sells wonderful pies.

Exercise 8:

a) Translate the sentences into English.

1. Художник, который нарисовал эту картину, жил в 19 веке.

2. Книга, которую ты прочитал летом, действительно очень увлекательная.

3. Катя, чей брат учится в моем классе, выиграла чемпионат мира.

b) Translate the text into English.

Зоопарк - это место, куда люди ходят с самого детства. Животные, которых там можно увидеть, представляют разные страны и континенты. Люди, которые часто посещают зоопарк, даже имеют там своих любимых животных. В некоторых зоопарках животным можно давать специальную еду, которая куплена здесь же. День, когда вся семья идет в зоопарк, обычно очень радостный, особенно для детей.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Answers:

Exercise 1: 1)which 2)who 3)where 4)whose

Exercise 2:

1)Builder is someone who/that builds houses

2) A circus is a place where we can see acrobats.

3)A tiger is an animal which/that lives in the jungle.

4)A supermarket is the place where we do the shopping.

5)An elephant is an animal whose ears are big.

Exercise 3:

1 My mother,_ whose ________ name is Elizabeth, is a piano teacher.

2 She"s the woman ___ who"s_ ____________married to an actor.

3 Celine is the girl __ whose ____________ brother won the prize.

4 Helen is the person___ whose ___________car is outside our house.

5 Ann"s the one___ who"s _____________ a History teacher.

6 Lucas is the man ___ who"s_ __________ helping us move house.

7 That"s the woman __ whose ___________ son just graduated from university.

8 . ___Whose ___concert did you go to?

Exercise 4:

1) who / that (S- not omitted)	6)which/that (S- not omitted)	11)which/that (O-omitted)	16)who / that(S-not omitted)
2)which/that (O-omitted)	7)which/that(O-omitted)	12)which/that(O-omitted)	17)which/that (S- not omitted)
3)which/that (S- not omitted)	8)who / that (S-not omitted)	13)who / that(S-not omitted)	18)who / that (S- not omitted)
4) who(m) / that(O-omitted)	9)who(m) / that(O-omitted)	14)which/that (S- not omitted)	19)which/that (O- omitted)
5) who / that (S-not omitted)		15)who / that(S-not omitted)	20)who(m) / that (O-omitted)

Exercise 5:

1)about	3)whose	5)where	7)which	9)going
2)which	4)with	6)who	8)why	10)looking

Exercise 6:

1)who	3)who/that	5)whose	7),whose...,
2)which/that	4),who.........,	6),where....,	8),which...,

Exercise 7:

1) who (ND-not omitted)	6)which/that(D-omitted)	11)when (D-omitted)
2) who(m) / that (D-omitted)	7),who...,(ND-not omitted)	12)whose(D-omitted)
3),who..., (ND-not omitted)		13)where(D-omitted)
4) which / that(D-omitted)	9)where(D-omitted)	14),whose..., (ND-not omitted)
5) ,which.., (ND -not omitted)	10)which/that(S-not omitted)	15)which/that(D-omitted)

Exercise 8:

Translation (suggested answers)

a) 1) The artist who painted this picture lived in the 19 th century.

2) The book you read in the summer is really very exciting.

3) Kate, whose brother studies in my class, has won the world championship.

b) The zoo is a place where people go from their childhood on. Animals which you can see there come from different countries and continents. People who often go to the zoo even have their favourite animals there. In some zoos you can give the animals special food which has been bought there. A day when the whole family goes to the zoo is usually very jolly, especially

__________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

More exercises:

1 ) Underline any relative pronouns that can be left out in these sentences.

1 I think that my boss is the person who I admire most.

2 Harry, who was tired, went to bed very early.

3 Were taking the train that leaves at 6.00.

4 Have you seen the book that I left here on the desk?

5 The film which we liked most was the French one.

6 My radio, which isn"t very old, has suddenly stopped working.

7 The clothes which you left behind are at the reception desk.

8 The couple who met me at the station took me out to dinner.

9 Last week I ran into an old friend who I hadn"t seen for ages.

10 Don"t cook the meat

2)Replace the relative pronouns in italics with that, where possible.

1 This is the magazine which I told you about.

2 John"s flat, which is in the same block as mine, is much larger.

3 The girl whose bag I offered to carry turned out to be an old friend.

4 The policeman who arrested her had recognized her car.

5 I work with someone who knows you.

6 We don"t sell goods which have been damaged.

7 Brighton, which is on the south coast, is a popular holiday resort.

8 I don"t know anyone whose clothes would fit you.

9 There"s a cafe near here which serves very good meals.

10 People who park outside get given parking tickets.

3) Underline the most suitable word in each sentence.

1 My friend Jack, that I who / whose parents live in Glasgow, invited me to spend Christmas in Scotland.

2 Here"s the computer program that / whom / whose I told you about.

3 I don"t believe the story that / who / whom she told us.

4 Peter comes from Witney, that / who / which is near Oxford.

5 This is the gun with that I whom / which the murder was committed.

6 Have you received the parcel whom / whose / which we sent you?

7 Is this the person who I which / whose you asked me about?

8 That"s the girl that I who / whose brother sits next to me at school.

9 The meal, that I which / whose wasn"t very tasty, was quite expensive.

10 We didn"t enjoy the play that / who / whose we went to see

4) Put one suitable word in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.

The story so far:

Jane Piatt, (1).............is travelling to London because of a mysterious letter, is the only person (2).....................witnesses a murder at Victoria Station. The detective to (3).....................she gives her statement then disappears.Jane goes to an office in Soho to answer the letter 4)..................... she had received. There she discovers that her uncle Gordon, (5).....................

lives in South America, has sent her a small box (6)..................... she is only to open if in trouble.) Jane, (7)..................... parents have never mentioned an Uncle Gordon, is suspicious of the box, (8)..................... she gives to her friend Tony. They go to Scotland Yard and see Inspector Groves, (9)..................... has not heard of the Victoria Station murder, (10)..................... was not reported to the police. Jane gives Inspector Groves the murdered man"s ticket, (11)..................... she found beside his body. Then Jane and Tony decide to go to Redhill, (12)..................... was the town (1 3)..................... the murdered man had come from. On the train they meet a man, (14)..................... face is somehow familiar to Jane, (15)..................... says he knows her Uncle Gordon.

5 ) Put a suitable relative pronoun in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.

1 My bike, ..........I had left at the gate, had disappeared.

2 The shoes.....................I bought were the ones.....................I tried on first.

3 The bag in.....................the robbers put the money was found later.

4 The medicine.....................the doctor gave me had no effect at all.

5 Peter,.....................couldn"t see the screen, decided to change his seat.

6 I really liked that tea.....................you made me this morning.

7 What was the name of your friend.....................tent we borrowed?

8 The flight.....................Joe was leaving on was cancelled.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

Answers:

1 1 who . 2 none. 3 none. 4 that. 5 which. 6 none. 7 which. 8 none. 9 who. 10 that.

2 1 that I told you about . 2 not possible. 3 not possible. 4 that arrested her. 5 that

knows you. 6 that have been damaged. 7 not possible. 8 not possible. 9 that serves

very good meals. 10 that park outside.

3 1 whose . 2 that. 3 that. 4 which. 5 which. 6 which.7 who. 8 whose. 9 which.10 that.

4 1 who . 2 who. 3 whom. 4 blank. 5 who. 6 which. 7 whose. 8 which. 9 who. 10

which. 11 which. 12 which. 13 blank. 14 whose. 15 who.

5 1 which . 2 blank, blank. 3 which. 4 blank. 5 who. 6 blank. 7 whose. 8 blank.

We can use relative clauses to join two sentences or to give more information about something. We use relative clauses to describe people , things , time , places or reasons . Relative pronoun comes after the noun it describes.

Пример :

The boy who won the prize was happy.

Those jeans which you want to buy are really expensive.

Рис. 2. Relative pronouns and adverbs ()

Relative clauses can be identifying (ограничительные ) or non-identifying (распространительные ). Identifying clauses give essential information . The sentence will not be complete without them. Non-identifying clauses are more often used in written English than in spoken English. They give extra i nformation we do not usually need to understand the sense of the sentence. They usually go between commas. Non-identifying relative clauses can use most relative pronouns but they can’t use ‘that ’.

Identifying relative clause :

выражает важную информацию;
без него предложение не завершено по смыслу.

Пример :

This is the new car that I bought yesterday . - Это новая машина, которую я купил вчера.

The ring which he bought for her is beautiful. - Кольцо, которое он купил для нее, прекрасно.

The book that you see on the table cost me twenty pounds. - Книга, которую ты видишь на столе, стоила мне двадцать фунтов.

Рис. 3. Relative clauses ()

Non - identify ing relative clause :

выражает дополнительную информацию, без которой можно обойтись;
отделяется запятыми в предложении;
не используется с that .

Пример :

The school, where I studied , is in the centre of the city. - Школа, где я учился, в центре города.

The textbooks, which the students like , have lots of helpful examples. - В учебниках, которые нравятся студентам, очень много полезных примеров.

John, who plays football , is always busy at weekends. - Джон, который играет в футбол, очень занят на выходных.

Relative pronouns as subject and object

Relative pronouns can be either a subject or an object subject , it is followed by a verb . When it is an object , it is followed by a noun or a pronoun .

Пример :

Do you know the man who talked to me?

The peaches that are lying on the table are tasty.

We will stay at a hotel which is next to the beach.

That is the film which is very exciting.

Do you know the man who I talked to?

The peaches that you bought in the shop are tasty.

We will stay at a hotel which my friend has recommended to us.

That is the film which I like very much.

Read the sentences and underline the relative pronouns (Прочитайте предложения и подчеркните относительные местоимения) :

He met his teacher who was very strict. - Он встретил своего учителя, который был очень строгим.
He’s looking for a secretary that can use a computer well. - Он ищет секретаря, который хорошо умеет пользоваться компьютером.
You will see the house which is opposite the petrol station. - Ты увидишь дом, который напротив заправки.
The camera that costs about 200 pounds has been lost. - Фотоаппарат, который стоит около двух сотен фунтов, был потерян.
The little girl whose doll was broken is crying. - Маленькая девочка, чья кукла поломана, плачет.
The house whose roof is white belongs to my grandparents. - Дом, крыша которого белая, принадлежит моим бабушке и дедушке.

which
whose
whose

So, remember :

who - for people
which - for things
that - for people and things
whose - for people and things (рис. 4)

Рис. 4. Употребление относительных местоимений

Relative pronouns can be either a subject or an object in relative clauses. When a relative pronoun is a subject , it is followed by a verb . When it is an object , it is followed by a noun or a pronoun .

Пример :

Do you know the man who talked to me?

The peaches that are lying on the table are tasty.

We will stay at a hotel which is next to the beach.

That is the film which is very exciting.

Do you know the man who I talked to?

The peaches that you bought in the shop are tasty.

We will stay at a hotel which my friend has recommended to us.

That is the film which I like very much.

A relative pronoun introduces a relative clause. But there are some cases when you can omit a relative pronoun.

Omission of the relative pronoun is possible if a pronoun functions as the object of a main clause.

Пример:

Do you know the girl who he is talking to?

Do you know the girl he is talking to?

The film which /that I saw two days ago was very interesting.

The film I saw two days ago was very interesting.

I didn’t like the book which /that you gave me.

I didn’t like the book you gave me.

Where is the pencil which /that I lent you?

Where - to talk about a place

Why - to talk about a reason

When - to talk about time (рис. 5)

Пример :

This is the café where I ate a delicious cake yesterday. - Это то кафе, где вчера я ел вкусный торт.

Tell me the reason why you are crying. - Скажи мне причину, почему ты плачешь.

My favorite day of the week is Friday, when the weekend is about to begin. - Мой любимый день недели - пятница, когда выходные вот-вот начнутся.

Put the relative adverbs where/why/when (Вставьте относительные наречия where/why/when)

We will visit the castle........the kings lived.
Winter is the time of the year..........many people suffer from flu.
I can’t understand the reason...........you have been late for work.
Do you know the reason............she is so upset?
This is the library...........you can find even rare books.
The school...........I study is near my house.
This is the reason...........I never invite her to the party.
I remember the day............I went to school.

Ответы к упражнению:

We will visit the castle where the kings lived.
Winter is the time of the year when many people suffer from flu.
I can’t understand the reason why you have been late for work.
Do you know the reason why she is so upset?
This is the library where you can find even rare books.
The school where I study is near my house.
This is the reason why I never invite her to the party.
I remember the day when I went to school.

Список литературы

Афанасьева О.В., Михеева И.В. Английский язык. 9 класс. - М.: Дрофа - 2008.
Баранова К.М., Дули Д., Копылова В.В. Английский язык. - М.: Просвещение - 2011.
Биболетова М.З., Трубанева Н.Н. Английский язык. 9 класс. - М.: Титул - 2008.

Ego4u.com ().
Perfect-english-grammar.com ().
Wikihow.com ().

Домашнее задание

1. Fill in the gaps with the most appropriate relative pronouns.

a) This is the store..........was robbed last week.

b) The bag..........I bought is blue.

c) She wore a costume...........made her look funny.

d) The girl...........door was open was waiting for the guests.

e) The boy............rode a horse was very handsome.

f) This is the gadget...........price is really high.

2. Fill in the gaps with the most appropriate relative adverbs.

a) The morning...........you came to me was wonderful.

b) The café............we went last Friday is really nice.

c) This is the place...........I can be alone.

d) Tell me the reason............you are smiling.

e) The department store............you work as a shop assistant gets a lot of customers every day.

f) Could you explain me the choice.............you study this subject.

3. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на относительные местоимения.

а) Мужчине, который живет по соседству, 60 лет.

б) Мальчик, который потерял свой дневник, очень невнимательный.

в) Игрушки, которые лежат на столе, мои.

г) Книга, которую я читаю, очень интересная.

д) Я не знаю никого, чьи родители были бы учителями.

е) Мама выбрала продукты, которые были дешевле.

ж) Те люди, которые мало спят, чаще подвержены перепадам настроения.

з) Спортсмены, которые много тренируются, побеждают на соревнованиях.

Определительные и неопределительные придаточные предложения: существует два типа относительных придаточных предложений – identifying relative clauses и non — identifying relative clauses .

Значение

Identifying relative clause

Identifying relative clause сообщает нам информацию, необходимую для определения предмета, о котором идет речь. Это единственные сведения о данном предмете, которыми мы располагаем. Такое придаточное предложение не выделяется запятыми.

Non-identifying relative clause

Non — identifying relative clause сообщает нам дополнительную информацию. Иными словами, мы уже знаем, о каком предмете идет речь. Такое придаточное предложение выделяется запятыми.

Identifying relative clauses

Identifying relative clauses вводятся в предложение при помощи следующих союзов: who / that для одушевленных предметов

Whom

Если мы имеем дело с дополнением, то мы также можем использовать whom (форму объектного падежа):

Who

Однако такое употребление практически не встречается в разговорном английском. Вместо этого мы употребляем “who” с соответствующим предлогом:

Which и that

Which / that для неодушевленных предметов

В качестве дополнения

Если местоимение («that», «who», «which») является в предложении дополнением, его можно опустить.

NB

Whose , where , when и (the reason ) why

whose , where , when и (the reason ) why :

Например:	Is there another time when I can call you?	Я могу позвонить в другое время (есть ли другое время, когда я могу тебе позвонить)?
	Can you tell me where I can buy wrapping paper?	Вы не подскажете, где я могу купить оберточную бумагу?
	Have you seen the TV show whose catchphrase is “Deal no deal?”	Ты смотрел телепередачу, чей слоган звучит как «Deal no deal»?
	I wanted to have a heart-to-heart talk with you. This is the reason why I came to you	Я хотел с тобой откровенно поговорить. Вот причина, по которой я пришел

Мы не можем опустить в предложении whose, однако в случае с остальными это возможно:

Where

Where можно опустить, если есть предлог

When и why

When и why можно заменить на that или опустить:

who , whom и which

Non-identifying relative clauses вводятся в предложение при помощи who , whom и which . Их нельзя ни заменить на that , ни опустить:

Например:	My students, who are all adults , are learning English to get a more prestigious job	Мои студенты, все из которых взрослые
	My students, many of whom are from Europe , are learning English to get a more prestigious job	Мои студенты, многие из которых из Европы , изучают английский, чтобы найти более престижную работу
	The textbooks, which the students like , have lots of helpful examples	Эти учебники, которые нравятся студентам , содержат много полезных примеров